George H.W. Bush, shugaban kasar Jamus 41th kuma mahaifin 43rd, ya kasance mai karfi a cikin kasa da kasa har tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, daga matsayinsa na wakilin zuwa birnin Beijing zuwa shekaru takwas a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma kalmarsa guda daya a matsayin kwamandan shugaban daga 1989 zuwa 1993.

Watan karshe na yakin duniya na biyu ya zama shugaban kasa, ya kasance mai hidima a cikin jama’a da kuma jihohin da suka taimakawa jagorancin kasar da duniyar duniyar ta Cold War shekaru hudu da suka kawo barazanar hallaka nukiliya.

Rashin mutuwarsa, a 94 a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba ya nuna cewa ya wuce lokacin.

Ko da yake Mr. Bush ya kasance shugaban kasa shekaru talatin da suka wuce, dabi’unsa da kuma dabi’arsa suna ganin kundin da aka cire daga al’adun siyasa na yau. Kudin shi na haɗin kai shi ne wasika na hannun hannu – ba magoya bayan kafofin watsa labarun ba.

Yana da yanayi mai ladabi da kuma burin da ba shi da sauƙin ganewa a ƙarƙashin ikon sa na New Ingila da kuma karimci na gaske. Ya kasance mai iya gudanar da yakin neman zabe, kuma ya dauki kasar zuwa yaki. Amma manyan nasarorin da aka samu shi ne aka samar da shi a tattaunawar launi.

“Lokacin da kalmomin kalma ya zama kalma mara kyau, muna da wani rai da yake so muyi,” in ji abokinsa a shekarar 1964, bayan da ya rasa ransa na farko na ofishin zabe.

 

Duk da alherinsa, Mr. Bush ya kasance mai sauƙi mai sauƙi ga caricature. Ya kasance babban digiri a Jami’ar Yale wanda yawancin lokaci ya yi hasara ga kalmomi a fili, musamman lokacin da ya fara magana game da kansa. Kodayake an gwada shi cikin gwagwarmaya lokacin da ya kasance balagagge ba, sai dai wadanda suka yi shakka ko yana da muhimmancin gaske.

Wannan rikice-rikice a cikin hoton jama’a na Mr. Bush ya kulla shi, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin gida. Rashin rashin tabbas a fuskar tattalin arziki ya haifar da sanannen kwarewar da ya ji dadi bayan nasarar nasarar Farfesa na Farisa. A shekarar 1992, ya rasa kyautarsa ​​na karo na biyu a matsayin shugaban kasa.

“Wannan babban nasara ne,” in ji masanin tarihin shugaban kasar Robert Dallek. “Yanayin da kuma ikonsa na sarrafa su bai tsaya ga abinda ake bukata ba.”

Mista Bush ya mutu ne saboda rashin lafiyar dan Adam, ya ce / bisa ga xxx. A 2012, ya sanar da cewa yana da kwayar cutar Parkinsonism, yanayin da ke iyakance motsa jiki. Matarsa ​​mai shekaru 73, Barbara Bush, ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu.

Daren jiya kafin matarsa ​​ta yi hidima, tsohon shugaban da ke cikin karusar sojan ya yi kira ga ƙarfin da zai zauna na minti 20 kafin kullun furenta kuma ya karbi ta’aziyya daga wasu mutane 6,000 waɗanda suka yi aiki don girmama su a St. Epicopal Church a Houston.

Shugaba Bush ya zo wurin Ofishin Oval a karkashin kyakkyawar hoto na Ronald Reagan, wanda ya kasance abokin hamayyarsa wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa.

Babu shugaban kasa kafin ya zo tare da kwarewarsa: wanda aka yi wa marigayi jirgin ruwa, mai jagorancin man fetur, wakilin majalissar, wakilin majalisar dinkin duniya, wakilin jam’iyyar Republican, mai aikawa zuwa Beijing, darekta na cibiyar bincike.

Yayin da yake da wata kalma wadda ta fara a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1989, Mr. Bush ya sami kansa a gwargwadon rinjaye na duniya. Ginin Berlin ya fadi; Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Soviet ta daina zama; yan gurguzu a Gabashin Turai ya ragu; Cold War ya ƙare.

Kamunsa, ya hana fahimtar diplomasiyya ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali tare da abubuwan da suke faruwa a duniya, daya bayan daya.

A shekara ta 1990, Mista Bush ya tafi har yanzu ya yi kira ga “sabuwar duniya” wanda zai kasance “daga barazanar ta’addanci, da karfi a bin bin doka da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya a duniya – inda duniya ta gane nauyin haɗin kai da adalci. A duniya inda karfi ya girmama mutuncin masu rauni. ”

Shugabannin Bush ba su da dukkan abin da yake da shi. Ya umarci wani hari kan Panama a shekarar 1989 don hambarar da Manuel Antonio Noriega. Bayan da shugaba Saddam Hussein na Iraqi ya kai hari a Kuwait a lokacin rani na 1990, Mr. Bush ya haɗu da hadin gwiwar kasashe 30 – goyon bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Tarayyar Soviet da wasu ƙasashen Larabawa – wanda ya haddasa sojojin Iraqi tare da sauƙi a cikin ƙasa yaki wanda ya kasance kawai 100 hours.

Duk da haka, Mista Bush ya yanke shawarar barin Hussein a cikin mulki, ya kafa mummunan yanke shawara na shugabancin dansa shekaru goma sha biyu daga baya.

A lokacin nasarar nasarar 1991, yardar Bush a gida ya kai kusan kashi 90. Ya zama kamar dai kasar ta samu nasara a bayan Vietnam. Bayan shekara daya da rabi, kashi 29 cikin 100 na wadanda aka yi wa poli ya ba Mr. Bush wata kyakkyawar darajarta, kuma kashi 16 kawai ne kawai ya yi tunanin cewa kasar ta jagoranci hanyar da ta dace.

Jam’iyyar rikice-rikice na jam’iyyarsa ba za ta gafarce shi ba saboda warware matsalar da ba ta da kyau da kuma ba da ladabi: “Karanta labaina: Babu sabon haraji.” Abin da ya rage a cikin masu jefa ƙuri’a a babban, duk da haka, bai iya iya bayyana dangantakarsu ba tare da gwagwarmaya na jama’ar Amirkawa ko kuma wata hanyar da za ta mayar da tattalin arzikin.

Da yake an gane cewa yana da rauni a cikin tarihinsa shi ne wata damuwa a rayuwar Mr. Bush. Ya kasance halin da aka yi ta hanyar fitina. Ya kasance misali mai kyau na wani ƙarni wanda ya ragu da ƙuruciyar matasan da babbar damuwa da yakin duniya na biyu.

A farkon shekaru

George Herbert Walker An haifi Bush ne a Milton, Mass., Ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1924. Ya girma a cikin tony Greenwich, Conn., Na biyu na ‘ya’ya biyar na Prescott Bush da tsohon Dorothy Walker.

Mahaifinsa shi ne dan asalin Jihar Ohio kuma mai kula da harkokin kasuwancin da ya zama bankin Wall Street da Sanata daga Connecticut, inda ya kafa wata hanya ga ‘yan shekarun biyu na Bush su bi. Mahaifiyarsa, Maine ‘yar ƙasar,’ yar wani dan kasuwa ne mai banki.

 

Mista Bush a farkon shekarunsa na da wahala ga kasar, kodayake iyalinsa – waɗanda suke da dafa abinci, da bawa da kuma mahalarta – ba su ji ba. Ya halarci makarantar Phillips masu zaman kansu a Andover, Mass. Aikin da aka yi wa Bushes ya shafe lokacin bazara a gidan Walker a Macao, da Maine, da Kirsimeti a kudancin Carolina.

A wata ƙungiyar makaranta a lokacin bikin Kirsimeti na 1941, ya ga wata yarinya a cikin rigar ja-ja-kore. Ya tambayi wani yaro ya gabatar da shi ga Barbara Pierce, wanda mahaifinsa ya zama shugaban masarauta na McCall.

“Na yi tunani shi ne mafi kyawun dabba da na taɓa kallo. Ba zan iya motsawa ba yayin da yake cikin dakin, “in ji Barbara Bush daga baya, ya ce,” Na yi aure da na farko da na taba sumbance. ”

Prescott Bush ya so dansa ya tafi Yale a matsayin digiri daga Andover. Amma Mr. Bush ya ce mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da cewa wannan dama tana da alhakin “sa wani abu a cikin, yi wani abu, taimaka wa wasu.”

Lokacin da ya yi aiki ya zo ranar haihuwar ranar haihuwar sa 18, lokacin da ya shiga cikin jirgin ruwa; a cikin shekara guda, ya karbi fuka-fuki ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan jirgin sama mafi ƙanƙanci.

An aika shi zuwa Pacific, sai ya tashi daga fasinjoji daga filin jirgin saman San Jacinto. Ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 1944, wutar lantarki ta kasar Japan ta buga jirgin sama a lokacin da aka kai harin bam a Chichi Jima a cikin Bonin Islands a yammacin Pacific. Ya ci gaba da kai hari ko da yake jirgin ya tashi.

Shugaba Bush ya yi watsi da teku kuma ya sami ceto daga wani jirgin ruwa. An kashe mayakansa guda biyu. An bai wa shugaban gaba a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da Flying Cross.

Bayan yakin, sai ya tafi Yale, inda ya kasance memba na Skull da Kasusuwa, jami’ar ta asirce, kuma kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa. Barbara ya ɗauki dan jariri, George W., zuwa wasanni.

A shekara ta 1948, bayan kammala karatunsa, an ƙi shi saboda wani sakon da yake so da Procter & Gamble. Don haka sai ya koma Texas don shiga cikin kasuwancin man fetur, ya fara aiki ta hanyar haɗin iyali.

Ayyukan siyasa

Mista Bush ya fara aikin siyasa a matsayin shugaban jam’iyyar Republican Party na Harris a lokacin da yake dan Republican a Jihar Texas ya zama babban nauyin zabe a matsayin tushen asalin Arewa.

A shekara ta 1964, ya gudu zuwa Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kuma ya yi nasara da Democrat Ralph Yarborough. A shekara ta 1966, bayan da ya sayar da kamfaninsa a kamfaninsa, an zabi Mr. Bush a matsayin farko na biyu a Majalisa daga wani gundumar House a Houston.

A shekarar 1970, a kan rokon Shugaba Richard M. Nixon, wanda yake so ya rike mukamin Jamhuriyar Republican a Texas da kuma sauran wurare a cikin Sun Belt, ya sake gudanar da zagaye na biyu na Majalisar Dattijai kuma ya rasa jam’iyyar Democrat Lloyd Bentsen.

Mista Bush ya karbi abokinsa mai suna James A. Baker III – wani dan takarar dimokradiyyar Democrat wanda ba shi da sha’awar siyasa – don yin wannan gwagwarmayar, a wani bangare don taimakawa Baker ta hanyar matukar damuwa bayan mutuwar matarsa. Baker ya canza jam’iyyun, kuma abokantarsu ya zama wani haɗin gwiwa wanda zai taimaka wajen tsara manufofin siyasa da siyasa.

Bayan da aka rantsar da Majalisar Dattijai na 1970 a 1970, an samu ci gaba mai zurfin ayyukan da suka fara a lokacin da Nixon ya kira shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A 1973 da 1974, Bush ya zama shugaban Jam’iyyar Republican a lokacin kwanakin ragowar Ruwan Watergate wanda zai haifar da murabus din Nixon.

 

Ya yi takaici lokacin da tsohon dan takarar Nixon, Gerald R. Ford (R), ya zabi Nelson Rockefeller, maimakon shi, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1974. A 1974 da 1975, Bush ne babban jakadan Amurka a kasar Sin. A farkon 1976, ya zama shugaban CIA.

An lura da shi amma bai bar wata alama mai kyau a cikin wadannan ayyukan ba. Kuma ba ya aikata wani babban mummunar ba.

Bayan tsohon gwamna Georgia Jimmy Carter (D) ya ci Ford a zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 1976, Bush ya koma cikin rayuwarsa mai zaman kansa kuma ya fara shirye-shiryen da ya yi gaba sosai a yayin da yake gudana ga shugaban kasa.

A cikin shekarun 1980, Mista Bush ya sanya kansa a matsayin madaidaici, kuma ya yi masa ba’a a matsayin “voodoo economics” wanda tsohon gwamnan jihar California ya yi alkawarin ya yanke takardun haraji, ya bunkasa kayan tsaro da kuma daidaita ma’auni.

Mista Bush ya yi nasara a cikin ƙauyukan Iowa kuma ya bayyana cewa yana da “babban mo ‘” wanda zai kai shi ga gabatarwa. Daga karshe, bai tabbatar da wasanni na Reagan da ‘yan adawa masu ra’ayin rikon kwaryar da suka zo kan gaba ba.

Duk da haka ya sami wani wuri a taron Majalisar Republican a wannan shekara, lokacin da ya fito ne a matsayin mai neman shawara na Reagan, bayan da dattawan jam’iyyun suka yi ƙoƙari su haɗa takardar Reagan-Ford.

Ba a daina yin gyare-gyaren da Mr. Bush ya yi ba, kamar yadda Reagan ya saba da ra’ayin rikon kwarya. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, ya canza zuwa matsayin Reagan a kan zubar da ciki da tattalin arziki. Kwanan kwaikwayo “Doonesbury” daga bisani ya bayyana shi cewa ya sanya “dan siyasarsa cikin amincewar makanta.”

Rijistar ya samu nasara a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa 1984. A lokacin da aka zaba, Mr. Bush ya ci gaba da kasancewarsa mataimakin shugaban kasa – yana jagorantar wasu ma’aikata, yana ba da shawara game da manufofin kasashen waje – yayin da yake ƙarfafa ikonsa da kuma} ungiyar siyasa, don gudanar da wani} o} arin shugabancin.

Mista Bush ne kawai ya rushe shi ta hanyar da Iran ta saba, babban abin kunya na shugabancin Reagan. Ya ce ya kasance “daga cikin hagu” lokacin da aka yanke shawarar sayar da kayan aikin soja zuwa Tehran domin samun ‘yan tawayen U.S. da aka yi garkuwa da su da’ yan ta’addancin Iran a Labanon. Wannan ya saba wa manufofin da Reagan ya bayyana game da yadda ba a taba magance ‘yan ta’adda ba. Ana amfani da riba daga tallace-tallace don taimaka wa ‘yan tawayen’ yan adawa masu adawa da ‘yan gurguzu a Nicaragua, wanda ya saba wa dokar Amurka.

Ba a taba yarda da ita a cikin zagaye na Reagan ba, Shugaba Bush ya kafa wani nisa daga tsohon shugabansa a cikin jawabin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dokokin Republican ta 1988, lokacin da ya yi alkawarin “al’umma mai kyau, mai tausayi.” Matar matar Reagan, Nancy, an bayar da rahoton cewa, tambayar: “Kinder da gentler fiye da wanda?”

A cikin zaben shekarar 1988, abokin adawar Mista Bush ya kasance mashawarcin Massachusetts Michael S. Dukakis, wanda ya karbi rawar da jam’iyyarsa ke takawa a kan ƙarfin “Massachusetts Miracle,” ya karu da bunkasa tattalin arziki.

Harshen Bush ya juya Dukakis a matsayin abin kunya, ya kawo tambayoyin game da kishin kasa, kwarewarsa, abubuwan da ya shafi muhalli da na kasa da kasa, da kuma mafi hasara, halinsa ga masu laifi.

Dukakis sun tallafa wa shirin da ya bari masu kisan gilla a cikin gidajen kurkuku na Massachusetts su sami furloughs don halayyar kirki. Wanda ya yi hakan shine Willie Horton, wanda a yayin da yake furtawa, ya tafi Maryland kuma ya fyade mace bayan ya buge shi da kuma tayar da ita. Dukakis ya gigice kuma ya rufe shirin nan gaba.

 

Ga Lee Atwater, babban magatakardan yakin da Bush yayi, Horton ya kasance da dama. Horton ya yi baƙar fata, kuma girmansa ya kasance a matsayin kasa ta hannun magoya bayan Bush, aka yadu da shi kamar yadda ake kira roki ga wariyar launin fata. Atwater kansa ya bayyana damuwa game da yakin 1988 kafin ya mutu da ciwon daji, a 40, a 1991.

Shugaba Bush ya lashe zabe tare da kashi 53 cikin 100 na kuri’un. Ya dauki ƙasashe 40 kuma ya sami kuri’u 426. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kasa na farko wanda aka zaba a babban mukamin kasar tun lokacin da Martin Van Buren ya sami nasarar maye gurbin Andrew Jackson a 1837.

‘Abin da ke gani’

A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, Shugaba Bush ya yi aiki na tsawon sa’o’i kuma yana da cikakken bayani. Fred Malek, wanda ya jagoranci yakin neman zabe a shekarar 1992, ya bayyana shi a matsayin “mutumin da yake so ya yi duk abin da ya dace.” Amma idan ya bambanta da tsohonsa, Mr. Bush ya kasa yin bayani game da ka’idodin da ya yi mulki.

“Abinda ke gani,” kamar yadda ya kira shi, ya kare shi. “Wasu sun bukaci ni in sadar da mujallar dandalin tattaunawa don bayyana abubuwa, kamar yadda Franklin D. Roosevelt ya yi,” ya ba da labari ga littafinsa. “Ba ni da kyau a wancan lokacin.” Shi ne, ya ce, “mai amfani,” wanda ya fi son “abin da ke ainihi,” ba “iska ba ne.”

Mista Bush ya yi amfani da shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa masu ra’ayin rikici: rage yawan haraji, gyare-gyaren tsari, ƙarin tallafi ga cinikayyar kasuwanci da samun damar kasuwancin kasashen waje. Ya yi shawarwari da Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Arewacin Amirka da Kanada da Mexico, wani ma’auni da Majalisar Dattijai ta dauka a karo na farko da Shugaba Bill Clinton ya yi.

Mista Bush ya goyi bayan addu’ar son rai a makarantun jama’a da tallafi maimakon zubar da ciki. Ya kuma goyi bayan hakkokin ‘yan bindiga. “Kada mu cire manyan bindigogi daga ‘yan kasa marasa laifi,” in ji shi a wata magana. “Bari mu kara tsananta wa masu laifi.”

Da yake fuskanci mulkin demokuradiyya na gidajen biyu na majalissar, Mr. Bush ya bi abin da ya zama sananne ne da “tsarin dabarar”. Duk da haka, ya biya takardar kudi 44. An yi amfani da goma daga cikinsu don sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa akan abortions. Sauran sun damu da tsarin da ake da su, haraji da bayar da kudade. Dukkan daya daga cikinsu – na lissafi don tsara gidan talabijin na talabijin – an ci gaba.

Amma Mr. Bush bai iya yin zato ba a wasu yankunan da ba shi da bangaskiya. Ga masu sukar, musamman a gefen dama na GOP, ya zama kamar ya yarda ya faɗi abin da ya wajaba don samun zaɓaɓɓu.

Ya kasance ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara masu kwarewa waɗanda suka kirkira wata manufar da ke aiki da ƙwararrun kasashen waje amma sun ƙaddamar da ƙananan raba gardama a kan al’amuran gida.

Mista Bush ya ba da babbar daraja game da kasancewa da aminci da kuma haɓaka dangantaka da suka zama wani ɓangare na hanyar aikinsa.

Babban daga cikin su shi ne Baker, wanda a wasu wurare ya kasance mai kula da gwagwarmayar Gwagwarmayar Bush, Sakataren Gwamnati da Fadar White House. Baker kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakataren Reagan da sakataren kudade, kuma a cikin rikice-rikice na zaben shugaban kasa na 2000, ya jagoranci tawagar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lura da labarin Florida wanda ya sa shugaban Farfesa Bush, George W. Bush, ya kammala aikin.

Sauran dangantaka zasu danganta mazabun Bush guda biyu. Bayan da farko ya zabi sakataren tsaro, Sen. John G. Tower (R-Tex.), Majalisar Dattijai ta kasa tabbatar da ita, Shugaba Bush ya kori wani abokinsa na farko, Richard B. Cheney, wakilin Republican mai ra’ayin rikon kwarya daga Wyoming, domin aikin. Ga shugaban hafsan hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin hafsoshin, ya zabi Gen. Colin L. Powell, wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan tsaron kasa a cikin Reagan White House.

Baker, Cheney da Powell sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan da Amurka ta yi a Panama da Gulf Persian a lokacin shugabancin Bush. Cheney da Powell sun ci gaba da rike babban mukamin gwamnatin George W. Bush: Cheney a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma Powell a matsayin sakatare na jihar.

Daya daga cikin irin abubuwan da Mr. Bush ya yi na da muhimmanci shine zabar Dan Quayle, dan majalisar dattijai daga Indiana, ya zama abokinsa a shekarar 1988. Mr. Bush ya yi tafiye-tafiye ba tare da tuntuba ko da maƙwabcinsa ba, ya bar yakinsa ba tare da shirya abin da ya faru ba.

Akwai tambayoyi game da sabis na Quayle a asibiti na Indiana a yayin yakin Vietnam. Ya kuma halarci makarantar lauya a Jami’ar Indiana a wannan lokacin. Masu faɗar sun lura cewa bai taba bin doka ba kuma ya nuna cewa ya yi amfani da Guard don kauce wa wannan batu.

Quayle ba shi da cikakken bayani don ya wanke waɗannan tambayoyin ko kuma mafi shakka game da cancantarsa ​​don shiga cikin shugabancin. Yayin da mataimakin shugaban ya samu manyan alamomi kamar yadda mai kula da gwamnati ya yi wa marubuta, Mr. Bush ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa ya “zuga” yanke shawara akan Quayle a shekara ta 1988. Amma a shekarar 1992, ya ƙi maye gurbinsa a kan tikitin.

Shugaba Bush ya gabatar da zabukan biyu zuwa Kotun Koli. Na farko shi ne David H. Souter, wanda ke da alkalin kotun kotu, wanda ya tabbatar da rashin matsala. Na biyu shi ne Clarence Thomas, wani dan Afrika na Amurka wanda yake mamba na Kotun Kotu na Tarayya na DC.

An nada Thomas zuwa ga nasarar Thurgood Marshall, na farko na Afirka ta Afirka don yin aiki a kan.

Manufofin harkokin waje na kasashen waje

Ba zai yiwu a yi godiya ga cimma nasarar aiwatar da manufofi na kasashen waje ba, wanda ya faru a kan agogon Bush ba tare da ganin su ba a cikin shekarun da suka gabata da suka gabata.

A cikin zamanin bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Amurka ta nemi yunkuri na Soviet a duniya. Kasar ta yi yaki da yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma rikice-rikice a Korea da Vietnam, sun jagoranci kungiyar NATO da ke adawa da yaki da Warsaw Pact a Turai kuma suka shiga wani yunkurin nukiliya na kasa da kasa da Tarayyar Soviet wanda ya ba da duniyar da ta wuce.

A cikin shekarar da aka gabatar da Mr. Bush, halin da ake ciki a duniya ya canja kusan komai. Abin da Reagan ya kira “mulkin mallaka” ya rushe, kuma Soviet Union ya yi watsi da rushewa.

Mista Bush ya kai ga canza duniya tare da ra’ayin da ya fi dacewa da akida. Ba shi da bangaskiya sosai a tsarin da ake kira Star Wars anti-ballistic missile wanda Reagan ya yi imani zai kare al’ummar daga harin nukiliya, saboda haka ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita wutar nukiliya biyu da Moscow.

Kamar yadda Reagan ya yi, Mr. Bush ya ga dangi da dangin zumunta a Mikhail S. Gorbachev, shugaban da ya yi kokarin sake fasalin tsarin Soviet ta hanyar “glasnost” da “perestroika” (gyaran tattalin arziki). Mista Bush ya ce ya “iya zama da magana kawai. Ina tsammanin ina jin dadin zuciyarsa. Gabatarwa da candor sun maye gurbin tayar da hankali na baya. ”

A watan Yunin 1989, Gorbachev ya sanar da cewa ba zai tilasta wa Brezhnev Doctrine ba, wanda Moscow ke da damar shiga tsakani a cikin ƙasashen da ke cikin tauraro. Poland, Hungary da Czechoslovakia sun kubuta daga mulkin Soviet; asashen Baltic suna motsi zuwa ga ‘yancin kai. Hungary ta bude iyakarta tare da Austria. Dubban Kiristoci na Gabas sunyi amfani da wannan hanya don su fadi zuwa yamma.

Ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 1989, Wall Berlin, alama ce ta zalunci, ta rushe. Jamus ta Gabas ta rushe. Bayan shekaru biyu, Soviet Union ta ƙi kanta.

Mr. Bush ya taka muhimmiyar rawa kamar yadda Gorbachev da Chancellor Helmut Kohl na Jamus ta Yamma suka shirya maganganu don sake haɗin Jamus. An dakatar da yarjejeniyar a lokacin da Kohl ya amince ya biya biliyoyin daloli don tasowa tattalin arzikin Soviet kuma ya biya kudin da za a cire sojojin Soviet.

Mista Bush ya taimaka wajen tabbatar da Kohl cewa, dole ne Jamus ta sake komawa NATO. Hakazalika, ya amince da shugaban kasar Faransa François Mitterrand cewa, hadin gwiwar Jamus wani lamari ne na Jamus don yanke shawara kuma cewa kawai “Turai ɗaya” zata iya kula da Jamus. Tsohon shugaban kasar Nixon ya gabatar da taimakon tattalin arziki ga Moscow.

Yana tunawa da tunanin Rasha sosai. Lokacin da Wall Berlin ya fadi, sai ya fadawa manema labarai cewa bai “yi la’akari da wani taron daya ba ne ƙarshen abin da za ku kira Iron Curtain.”

Mista Bush ya ba da babbar kyautar zaman lafiyar, kamar yadda aka nuna shi – wadanda suka ce bai dace ba – don magance masu zanga-zanga a kasar Tiananmen a cikin watan Yuni 1989. Ya dakatar da tallan soja da hulɗar da kasar Sin amma ya aika da shawara mai tsaron gida Brent Scowcroft da Lawrence Eagleburger, ‘yan majalisa, zuwa Beijing don tattauna batun tare da shugabannin kasar Sin.

“Abin da na ba ni so in yi shi ne ya karya dangantakar da muka yi aiki sosai a shekarar 1972,” lokacin da Nixon ya bude dangantaka da kasar Sin, Bush ya rubuta a cikin abubuwan da ya rubuta. “Dole ne mu ci gaba da kasancewa, tare da gwamnatin kasar Sin, idan muna da wani tasiri ko aiki don aiki don haɓaka da haɗin gwiwa. Duk da yake fushin fushi na iya zama mai gamsarwa ga wasu, na yi imani cewa za ta ciwo kokarinmu a cikin dogon lokaci. ”

A cikin Latin Amurka, Mista Bush ya goyi bayan goyon baya na U.S. game da guerrilla a Nicaragua. A musayar taimakon tattalin arziki, Gwamnatin Sandinista ta hagu ta amince da damar zaɓen zaben. Bayan shekara guda, aka zabi Sandinistas daga ikon.

Tunanin Reagan tare da kwaminisanci a Amurka ta tsakiya ya kasance babbar mahimmanci a cikin rikici na Iran. Lokacin da Mr. Bush ya bar ofishin, ya bayar da gafara ga Caspar W. Weinberger, babban sakataren tsaron Reagan, da kuma sauran jami’an biyar da suka fuskanci tuhumar da suke da nasaba da ayyukan Iran.

Panama ya kai hari

Ko da yake yana da dangantaka da diplomasiyya, duk da haka za a yanke shawarar da Bush ya yanke masa wajen yanke shawara don shiga yaki.

A cikin Panama, Noriega ya kasance wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na kwaminisanci na Amurka, kuma yana da shekaru fiye da shekaru a kan farashin CIA. Lokacin da ikonsa ya karu, ya wadata kansa a kan kudi na jama’ar Panama, kuma ya zama mai shiga cikin cinikayya. A shekara ta 1988, an gabatar da shi a kan zargin miyagun ƙwayoyi da babban juriyan Amurka.

Ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, 1989, Noriega ta sake jefa kuri’a a zaben da aka yi masa. Bayan kwana uku, ‘yan adawa sun yi zanga-zanga.

Gwamnatin Bush ta dauki nauyin kare Panama Canal da ma’aikatan farar hula na Amurka da kuma ma’aikatan sojin da ke zaune a yankin tashar. A watan Oktoba, manyan ‘yan Panaman sun kafa juyin mulki na Noriega. Nan da nan an kawar da ita. Rahotanni tsakanin Amurka da Panama sun karu, yayin da sojojin Amurka ke cikin yankin canal.

Ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, 1989, wata rana bayan Panama ta yanke shawarar cewa, akwai yakin basasa tsakanin kasashen biyu, wani kwamandan sojojin Amurka na U.S. ya kashe wani dakarun soji na Panama, kamar yadda shi da wasu manyan jami’an uku suka kori daga hanyar PDF. An kama wani jami’in Rundunar Sojin da matarsa ​​da suka halarci wannan lamari, a tsare, aka yi musu tambayoyi kuma sun yi barazana da mutuwa kafin a sake su.

Ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 1989, Bush ya umurci sojojin {asar Amirka, da su mamaye. Wannan aikin ya fara ranar 20 ga Disamba tare da hare-haren iska da kuma mummunar tashin hankali na dare.

Yaƙin ya kare a cikin sa’o’i. A ranar Kirsimeti Kirsimeti, Noriega ya nemi mafaka a gidan zama na papal, inda ya kasance na kwanaki 10, a lokacin da sojojin Amurka suka kewaye Vatican ta Ofishin Jakadancin kuma suka harbe shi da murya mai karfi. Noriega ya mika wuya ga Janairu 3, 1990. An tafi da shi zuwa Miami, an kori shi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa game da laifukan miyagun kwayoyi.

Desert Storm

Mista Bush ya gana da babbar kalubalantar duniya a cikin Gulf na Farisa, inda aka fitar da manufofin da Amurka ke bukata a kan man fetur. A shekarar 1990, kimanin kashi] aya na hu] u na man fetur na {asar Amirka, ya fito ne daga jihohin gulf. Kashi na huɗu na wannan jimlar ta fito ne daga Iraki.

Da kwanciyar hankali a yankin wannan damuwa ne mafi girman gaske, Iran ta zama lamari mafi girma ga bukatun Amurka bayan juyin juya halin da ya shafe shah kuma ya kawo Ayatollah Khomeini a mulki a karshen shekarun 1970. {Asar Amirka ta mayar da hankali ga {asar Iraki, don yin amfani da su, ga Tehran, kuma ta goyi bayansa, a cikin shekaru takwas, tare da Iran.

Gwamnatin Bush ta ci gaba da manufofi na Iraqi, kuma a shekarar 1989 Amurka ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 500 a aikin ba da aikin gona a gwamnatin Baghdad, tare da shirye-shirye don ƙarin. Taimakon ya ci gaba duk da rashin maganganu masu adawa da Isra’ila da Saddam Hussein ke jagoranta.

Hussein yana da sha’awar Kuwait, ƙananan makwabciyar Iraki a kudanci, wanda ke da kashi 10 cikin dari na tsabar man fetur na duniya. A lokacin rani na 1990, Hussein ya tattara dakaru a kan iyakar Kuwait, kuma a watan Agusta ya mamaye.

Amurka ta kama shi da mamaki, amma amsar gwamnatin Bush ta yi sauri. Da yake kwatanta Hussein zuwa Hitler, shugaban ya yi ikirarin cewa mamayewa ba zai tsaya ba. Yin aiki da wayoyin salula da kuma dogara ga lambobin sadarwarsa, ya tsara tsarin hadin gwiwar Masarautar Desert da kasashe 30.

Ya sami izini daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma wani daga wani Taro wanda ya raguwa da rawar da ya taka wajen samun Amurka a Vietnam. Yankin da ke goyon bayan yakin ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ta hanyar kuri’u biyar, tare da dukkanin masu kada kuri’ar Democrat 10. An amince da Israilawa su ci gaba da yin hakan don tsoron tsoron Larabawa.

Ranar 17 ga watan Janairu, 1991, jiragen saman Amurka da na jiragen saman sun kai hare-haren ta’addanci a Iraqi, kuma Desert Shield ya zama Desert Storm.

Rundunar sojin ta fara ne ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, kuma sojojin Iraqi sun yi sauri. Shugaba Bush ya umurci tsagaita wutar sa’o’i 100 bayan yakin ya fara. Yana da goyon bayan Cheney, sakataren tsaro; Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, kwamandan soji; da kuma Powell, shugaban Shugaban Majalisar.

Iraki ta amince da cewa ba za ta samar da makaman nukiliya, kayan inji da makamai masu guba ba, kuma masu kulawa da U.N. suna saka idanu. Schwarzkopf bari ‘yan Iraki su ci gaba da tsare su.

A gaban jama’a na Amirka da sojojinsa, nasarar da ba za ta yi nasara ba, alama ce ta juyawa da shafi na daga asibiti na ƙasar da aka shafe a Vietnam.

Amma Hussein ya kasance cikin iko. Har yanzu yana da hannunsa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Republican, wanda ba shi da hannu a cikin yaƙin. Lokacin da ‘yan Shi’a a kudancin Iraqi da Kurdawan arewacin suka yi tawaye, mai kula da shi ya yi amfani da masu saukar jiragen sama domin ya hallaka su.

Yakin ya kare ba da daɗewa ba lokacin da Mr. Bush ya zargi shi saboda ba a tura Baghdad ba da kuma kwashe Hussein. Har ila yau, an ce, ya bukaci Iraqi da ta tayar da shi, sa’an nan kuma ya watsar da Shi’a da Kurdawa zuwa wani mummunan hatsari.

Amsar da shugaban ya bayar shine cewa dokar ta UNN ta bukaci a fitar da Iraki daga Kuwait, ba don shiga Iraki ko kawar da Hussein ba.

“Yunkurin kawar da Saddam, yunkurin yakin basasa a Iraki,” in ji Mr. Bush a cikin shafukansa, “zai karya umarninmu game da canza canje-canjen a cikin tsakiyar, shiga cikin ‘manufa manufa’, kuma zai jawo hankalinsa ‘yan Adam da siyasa. ”

Daga karshe, shi ne dan uwan ​​Bush wanda ya samo asirin Hussein daga mulki, tare da yakin da ya kaddamar a shekara ta 2003, a kan abin da ya zama ba daidai ba ne cewa mayakan Iraki na da makami na hallaka.

Rikicin na Iraki na biyu ya kasance daga abin da Bush ya kira “yaki kan ta’addanci,” wanda aka kaddamar da hare hare a New York da kuma Pentagon a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba na 2001. Wannan ya haifar da aikin soja na tsawon lokaci a Iraki da Afghanistan. Masana harkokin siyasa na kasashen waje sun ce kokarin da ke da nasaba da ci gaba da ragowar ƙasashen musulmi, wanda ke haifar da ci gaban sabon ƙungiyoyin ta’addanci.

Mista Bush ya damu da irin wannan ra’ayi cewa, daya daga cikin abubuwan da dansa ya sa shi ke kula da harkokin kasuwancin iyali. Mista Bush ya shaidawa mujallar Times a shekara ta 2003 cewa ko yakin yaƙin shine kiran maras kyau ga wani kwamandan kwamandansa: “Wannan hukunci ne mai wuya da shugaban kasa ya yi, ya aika da ‘ya’ya maza da’ yan mata na Amurka zuwa hanyar halayen. ”

Gulf War ba shi ne ƙarshen ka’idar kasashen waje ba. Ya gabatar da shawarwari a Madrid a tsakanin Isra’ila da Kungiyar Liberation ta Palestine wanda ya zama tushen tushen shekaru goma don samar da zaman lafiya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin kwanakin karshe na ofishinsa, ya umarci dakarun Amurka da ke Somaliya, wata kasar Afrika a cikin rikici na siyasa, don magance yunwa mai tsanani.

‘Babu sabon haraji’

Yayinda zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 1992 ya kusanci, hankalin jama’ar Amirka na juyawa gida, kuma irin yadda siyasar Bush ta tsaya a duniya. Shekaru goma sha takwas bayan nasararsa a Iraki, yardawar da aka yi masa ta nuna cewa, kashi 16 cikin dari ne kawai na wadanda aka yi wa zaton cewa kasar ta shiga cikin hanyar da ta dace.

Mista Bush ya yi alkawarin cewa “Amurka mai kirki”. Ya sanya hannu a dokar Dokar Amurkan Amirkawa tare da Harkokin Kasa, wani ma’auni na kare hakkin bil adama wanda ya haramta nuna bambanci a aikin aiki, ayyukan jama’a da kuma wurin zama na jama’a bisa ga rashin lafiyar jiki ko rashin tunani. Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da ya samu, sun kasance da kyaututtuka ga Dokar Tsabtace Dokar Tsabta wadda ta kasance a cikin Congress a tsawon shekaru.

Amma kuma ya fuskanci barazana ga tattalin arziki, daya daga cikin abin da ya kasance rashin cin hanci da rashawa na kasafin kudin, wanda ya karu daga shekarun Reagan kuma ya girgiza kowane bangare na shugabancin Bush, gida da kasashen waje. Shugaban ya amince da jawabinsa a lokacin da ya fadawa al’ummar, “Muna da yawa fiye da walat.”

Wani babban matsalar tattalin arziki da aka samu daga zamanin Reagan shine matsalar masana’antun bashi da kudi, wadda ta barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin banki. (Har ila yau, wata matsala ce ga shugaban} asa, saboda dansa Neil da ya danganci Denver S & L da ya gaza.) Mista Bush ya shirya shirye-shiryen ceto.

Rashin gaza ya zama babban kalubale. Rike da layin a kan haraji haraji ne na rukuni na ra’ayin Jamhuriyar Republican, kuma Bush ya sanya shi a tsakiyar shekara ta 1988. Ko da yake yana jin tsoro cewa zai iya ɗaure hannunsa a matsayin shugaban kasa, ya yi alkawarin jingina wakilai a taron GOP:

“Majalisa za ta tura ni don tada haraji, kuma zan ce ba, kuma za su matsa, kuma zan ce ba, kuma za su sake turawa. Abin da zan iya fada musu ita ce: Karanta labarina. Babu sabon haraji. ”

Amma asusun ajiyar ku] a] en na ci gaba da cike da giya, kuma Shugaba Bush ya yanke shawarar yin aiki. A shekara ta 1990, ya yi ma’amala da kasafin kuɗi da Jam’iyyar Demokradiyya, wadda ta tada haraji.

Lokacin da yake gudu don sake zaben a shekara ta 1992, Mr. Bush ya ce kasafin kudin 1990 ya kasance “kuskure,” amma an lalacewa. Conservatives bai taba yafe masa ba.

A halin yanzu, yayin da koma bayan tattalin arziki ya raunana tattalin arziki, kokarin da shugaban ya yi wajen haɗuwa da gwagwarmaya na yawancin jama’ar Amirka ya zo ne a wani lokaci mai sauƙi kuma wasu lokuta. A lokacin Kirsimeti na shekarar 1991, Fadar White House ta shirya wani hoto mai girma na shugaban kasa yana sayen sauti hudu a JC Penney kuma ya gargadi Amurkawa su siyar da hanyarsu daga mummunan lokaci. A wani batu, sai ya fadawa wani taro a cikin babban birnin New Hampshire: “Saƙo: Ina kula.”

A watan Nuwambar 1992, magoya bayan tsohon dan takara sun ci gaba da cin nasara a fadar shugaban kasa, sa’an nan kuma-Gov. Bill Clinton na Arkansas, wanda yakin ya zama babban taken, “Wannan tattalin arziki ne, wawa.”

A cikin rukunin hanyoyi uku da suka haɗa da dan takarar dan takara H. Ross Perot, Clinton ta samu kuri’u 43 na kuri’un, zuwa kashi 38 cikin dari na Bush da kuma Perot kashi 19.

Shekaru takwas bayan da Bush ya fita daga fadar White House, duk da haka, shi da Clinton sun kasance a kan wani dandalin tare a lokacin da aka gabatar da shugaban kasa a Amurka Capitol – a wannan lokacin da aka yi wa ɗan farin Bush, George Walker Bush, rantsuwa, kamar yadda Clinton ta maye gurbinsa.

Sai kawai sau daya kafin a haifi ‘ya’yan shugaban kasa, lokacin da John Quincy Adams, dan John Adams, ya ɗauki ofishin a 1825.

Gabatar da karamin Bush ya kasance babban abin farin ciki da kuma motsi ga mambobi daga cikin manyan iyalan siyasa na kasar. Shugaba na biyu na Bush, Jeb Bush, ya zama gwamnan Florida daga 1999 zuwa 2007.

An dauki Jeb Bush a matsayin dan takara na farko don zaben shugaban kasa a shekarar 2016. Ya rasa kansa ga dan jarida din New York, Donald Trump, wanda ya ci nasara da wani dan takara na dynasty, mai mulkin demokuradiyya da kuma tsohon uwargidansa Hillary Clinton, don zama shugaban kasa na 45. Tsohon Shugaban Bush ba ya tallafawa Trump da tallafin jama’a, kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa ya zabi Clinton. Wani mai magana da yawun ya ki amincewa da wadannan rahotanni, inda ya ce alkalin Bush ya kasance wani abu ne na sirri.

Yankin nasa

A 1988, Mr. Bush ya ba da jerin sunayen halaye da ya fi son Peggy Noonan, wanda ya rubuta jawabinsa na karbar zaben shugaban Republican a wannan shekara. Wadannan sune: “iyali, yara, tsofaffi, ƙauna, rashin kyau, girmamawa, girman kai, halayyar, fatan, alheri, aminci, ‘yanci, kulawa, zuciya, bangaskiya, hidima ga kasa, adalci (wasan kwaikwayo), karfi, warkar da kyau. ”

Mr. Bush ya kalli danginsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ya samu. Ya kasance da girman kai ga ‘ya’yan da suka bi shi zuwa aikin gwamnati.

Ɗaya daga cikin dukiyarsa mafi girma ita ce uwargidansa mai laushi da kuma mamaye. Barbara Bush ya kasance cikakke da ƙwaƙwalwa ga kwararru. Lokacin da yake amsa tambayoyin game da yanayinta, sai ta ce, “Imel na gaya mani mai yawa, mai launin fata, da ‘yan mata suna da ruwan hoda.”

Mista Bush ya ji dadin kasancewar shugabancin: Rundunar jiragen ruwa da Sojan Sama, Camp David, Ofishin Oval da ra’ayi game da Rose Garden a lokacin rani da kuma ƙoshin wuta a cikin wuta a cikin hunturu.

Ya kuma kasance mafarauci, masunta da sadaukar da kai, wanda aka sani yana gudana a tsakanin ramuka a kan golf don karin motsa jiki. Yana ƙaunar barbecue, dawaki da kuma kiɗa na ƙasar. Ya fada wa manema labarai cewa bai taba son broccoli ba kuma saboda cewa shi shugaban ne, bai kamata ya ci ba.

Ma’aikata sukan yi sharhi game da ladabi da al’adu. Wani aboki ya bayyana cewa, a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, ya gudanar da kansa tare da “gurguzuwar Episcopalian.”

Ya mallaki mai suna Rolodex kuma ya kira abokan aiki da abokan aiki a kowane lokaci na yini da rana. Ya rubuta dubban rubuce-rubuce ga shugabannin duniya, abokai, manema labaru da sauran ‘yan ƙasa.

Bushes yana da ‘ya’ya shida. Baya ga George W. Bush da Jeb Bush, ‘ya’yansu sun haɗa da Neil Bush, da Marvin Bush da Dorothy Bush Koch.

Yarinyar, Pauline Robinson “Robin” Bush, ya mutu daga cutar sankarar bargo a 1953, watanni biyu kafin haihuwar ranar haihuwarta. Iyayensa sun yi la’akari da mutuwarta mafi girma baƙin ciki da suka taɓa gani.

“Akwai wata tausayi game da ita,” in ji Mr. Bush ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa. “Salama ta sa ni da karfi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci. . . . Amma tana tare da mu. Muna buƙatarta kuma duk da haka muna da ita. Ba za mu iya taba ta ba, duk da haka zamu iya jin ta. ”

A cikin shekaru bayan fadar fadar White House, Mr. Bush ya rubuta wasikunsa kuma ya raba lokaci tsakanin Houston da kuma dangin iyali a Kennebunkport, Maine, inda ya kasance mai zaman kansa na St. Ann’s Episcopal Church. Ya zaɓi Cibiyar Kolejin, gidan Texas A & M University, a matsayin shafin yanar gizon shugabancin George Bush da kuma Museum.

Bayan girgizar kasa da tsunami da suka lalata kasashen Afirka da na Asiya a shekara ta 2005, Mr. Bush ya ha] a hannu da Bill Clinton, tsohon magajinsa, don jagorancin} o} arin da suka taimaka, wajen kawo kusan kusan dolar Amirka miliyan biyu, a {asar Amirka.

Yawancin zumuncin da shugabannin 41 da 42 suka yi kusa da shi, sun ce, 43r ta ce: “Uwata ta kira shi dan’uwana na huɗu.”

A 1997, Mista Bush ya yi zangon farawa a karo na farko tun lokacin da ya tashi daga Pacific. Ya sake yin haka a shekara ta 2000 don tunawa da haihuwar ranar haihuwar shekara 75 – kuma har yanzu yana da 80th, 85th da 90th.

“Tsohon mutane na iya yin abubuwa masu kyau,” in ji shi.